Hightlights:

• Why does this small organ play such a big role in our overall health?
• What happens when it produces too many hormones—and what about when it doesn’t produce enough?
• Living with a dysfunctional thyroid – treatment, diet, and more.

The small butterfly-shaped structure located at the front of the neck, known as the thyroid gland, actually plays a very important role in our health. It is a key part of the endocrine system and “conducts” many vital processes—such as metabolism, body temperature, and even mood. In children, it is essential for bone growth and development. The hormones the gland produces also influence heart rate, blood sugar levels, energy levels, muscle tone, and more.

When the function of the thyroid gland is disrupted—whether it becomes overactive or underactive—this hormonal imbalance can seriously impact one’s quality of life.

Do you experience symptoms like sudden and persistent fatigue, drastic weight changes unrelated to your diet, anxiety, depression, or heart palpitations? These complaints are becoming increasingly common and are often dismissed, blamed on stress, a hectic lifestyle, or poor eating habits. However, the true cause often lies in the thyroid and its hypo- or hyperactive states. Recognizing the symptoms, getting the right diagnosis, and receiving timely treatment can preserve your quality of life and minimize the consequences of a malfunctioning thyroid.

In this article, we will look at the two main types of thyroid dysfunction, the differences between them, and how they are treated.

What exactly is the thyroid gland?

As mentioned at the beginning, it is a small endocrine organ located just below the larynx at the front of the neck. It produces two main hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are vital for proper metabolism. These hormones influence how quickly the body burns calories, maintains body temperature, and produces energy.

The thyroid’s function is directly connected to another gland—the pituitary gland. The pituitary controls the thyroid by producing the hormone TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone). When levels of T3 and T4 are low, the pituitary increases TSH production to stimulate the thyroid; when T3 and T4 levels are high, it reduces TSH.

The balance between these three hormones is very delicate and interconnected—and it is crucial for the body’s proper functioning. That’s why, if a thyroid problem is suspected, an endocrinologist will immediately order tests for T3, T4, and TSH.

Underactive Thyroid – Hypothyroidism  

When the thyroid gland works more slowly and doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormones (namely T3 and T4), this condition is called hypothyroidism. These hormones regulate metabolism, so when there’s a deficiency, it naturally slows down. This affects not only metabolic processes, but also heart function, temperature regulation, and mental activity.

You may not notice you have hypothyroidism for a long time. Its development is gradual and often mistaken for stress, burnout, or even aging. Over time, however, the symptoms accumulate and begin to interfere with everyday life.

Main Causes:

• Hashimoto’s Disease: This autoimmune disorder is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. The immune system attacks the thyroid gland, gradually damaging its structure and reducing hormone production.
• Iodine Deficiency: Iodine is an essential trace element necessary for thyroid hormone synthesis. Insufficient dietary intake remains a problem in some regions, especially where the soil is low in iodine.
• Thyroid Removal: In cases of benign thyroid nodules, goiter, or cancer, complete or partial removal of the gland may be necessary—requiring lifelong hormone therapy.
• Medication Use: Some medications can suppress thyroid function.

Symptoms:

Persistent and unrelenting fatigue—even after rest and quality sleep—slowed thinking, lack of energy for basic daily tasks, weight gain without dietary changes, and a constant feeling of cold that doesn’t improve with external temperature are among the most common signs of an underactive thyroid. People with hypothyroidism may also experience dry skin, brittle nails, and thinning, easily breakable hair. Due to the slowed metabolism, constipation and fluid retention can also occur. Sometimes, a slowed heart rate is observed, which can cause dizziness and weakness.

In women, hypothyroidism often leads to menstrual cycle irregularities, while in men it may cause reduced libido.

In addition to the physical symptoms, mental health can also be affected: brain fog, depression, anxiety, and a sense of isolation are also commonly reported.

Because of its slow progression and symptom overlap with other conditions, diagnosis can be challenging—especially without specific testing of thyroid hormone levels.

Overactive Thyroid – Hyperthyroidism

When the thyroid gland produces an excessive amount of thyroid hormones, we refer to this as hyperfunction—hyperthyroidism. Unlike hypothyroidism, here the metabolic processes are significantly accelerated, and the body essentially runs in “high gear.” At first, this may feel like a burst of energy, but over time, the body becomes exhausted and serious health complaints can arise.

Hyperthyroidism develops much more quickly than hypothyroidism, meaning the symptoms are more noticeable—but also more stressful. It can affect cardiovascular health, muscles, bones, mood, and even vision.

Main Causes:

• Graves’ Disease: An autoimmune disorder and the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. In this condition, the body produces antibodies that overstimulate the thyroid gland, causing it to become overactive.
• Nodules or Goiter: Some nodules in the thyroid begin to function independently of TSH, producing hormones without the need for regulation.
• Excess Iodine or Overuse of Hormones: In rare cases, overconsumption of iodine or improperly prescribed medications can lead to a hyperthyroid state.

Symptoms:

• In hyperthyroidism, there is often a sudden weight loss, even with an increased appetite. Patients frequently report a rapid heart rate, palpitations, anxiety, and constant nervousness. Lack of concentration, sleep problems, and shaky hands under stress are also common symptoms. The skin may become moist and warm, and sweating increases. Frequent bowel movements or even diarrhea may occur.
• Menstrual irregularities are also observed here, with lighter or less frequent periods. In men, erectile dysfunction is a common symptom. The eyes may appear more prominent or bulging, especially in Graves’ disease—a symptom known as exophthalmos.
• Because of the similarities with anxiety disorders or panic attacks, hyperthyroidism is sometimes mistaken for psychological issues, which can delay the correct diagnosis and treatment.

Key Differences Between Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism

The most important thing to understand about these two conditions is that they represent opposite extremes in thyroid gland function.  

Treatment and Supportive Therapy

Both conditions require an individualized approach to the patient, and treatment is often a long-term commitment. In some cases—such as when the thyroid gland has been removed—it may even be lifelong. The good news is that with proper therapy and regular follow-ups with an endocrinologist, patients can lead full and fulfilling lives.

Treatment of Hypothyroidism:

Hormone therapy with daily intake of levothyroxine is the primary treatment. Levothyroxine is a synthetic analogue of the T4 hormone and aims to normalize hormone levels in the blood. The dosage is determined based on the patient’s symptoms and blood test results. Levothyroxine is safe but requires regular blood monitoring, especially at the beginning of treatment or when the dose is adjusted.

In addition to hormone therapy, there are also supportive products used as complementary therapy, which are gaining increasing popularity among people with reduced thyroid function. One such product is Sarita+ formulated to support the normal functioning of the thyroid and alleviate symptoms associated with hypothyroidism, such as fatigue, low energy, slowed metabolism, and lack of concentration.

This is achieved through the synergistic action of its active ingredients. L-tyrosine is an amino acid that plays a direct role in the synthesis of thyroid hormones and helps maintain normal energy levels and mental clarity. Ashwagandha and ginseng—two plants with adaptogenic properties—support the body’s adaptation to stress, stabilize hormone levels, and enhance the overall sense of vitality. Zinc and selenium contribute to the normal metabolism of thyroid hormones, while vitamin D3 supports the immune system and has a positive effect on cellular metabolism. This makes Sarita+ a suitable addition to the daily routine of people with hypothyroidism, especially when combined with a proper diet.

Treatment of Hyperthyroidism:

There are several approaches. Antithyroid medications such as methimazole work by suppressing hormone production. Radioactive iodine is used to destroy parts of the thyroid gland, thereby permanently reducing its function. Surgical removal of part or all of the gland is another option, typically used in cases of large nodules or malignant growths.

It is common for patients, after being treated for hyperthyroidism, to develop hypothyroidism, which then requires hormone replacement therapy with levothyroxine.

Living with a Thyroid Condition

Living with hypo- or hyperthyroidism is not a life sentence. With the right measures, knowledge, the aforementioned medical treatments, and regular monitoring by an endocrinologist, one can maintain good health and quality of life.

Proper Routine:

Getting enough quality sleep is important for hormone balance. Exercise helps in both cases—fighting excess weight and fatigue in hypothyroidism and relieving stress and calming the nervous system in hyperthyroidism. Stress management through yoga, meditation, breathing exercises, or therapy can be beneficial for both conditions.

Nutrition:

In hypothyroidism, it is useful to include iodine, selenium, zinc, and vitamins from the B group and vitamin D in your diet. Beneficial foods include eggs, seafood, Brazil nuts, spinach, and whole grains.

In hyperthyroidism, it is advisable to limit iodine-rich foods (especially in Graves’ disease), caffeine, spicy, and irritating foods. Increase intake of calcium and vitamin D to protect bone health, which often suffers from this condition.

In Conclusion…

The thyroid is a small but critical organ for overall health. The differences between hypo- and hyperthyroidism are significant—from symptoms to treatment. The key is timely diagnosis, closely following medical advice, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

The better we understand the signals our body sends us, the easier it is to respond in time. If you experience prolonged fatigue, unexplained changes in weight, or mental imbalance—do not ignore it. Blood tests can provide quick but vital answers.

Sources:

https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/article/hypothyroidism-vs-hyperthyroidism-whats-the-difference

https://www.healthline.com/health/hypothyroidism/hypothyroidism-vs-hyperthyroidism

https://www.adventhealth.com/blog/thyroid-disease-hyperthyroidism-vs-hypothyroidism

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8541-thyroid-disease

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